Emerging Insights 2018: Migration

Global Issues

285 million (3.4% of the world population) international migrants were counted globally in 2017. Only 25.4 million were registered as refugees, indicating that many are on the move voluntarily for personal, economic, or political reasons.^[1] Most migration involves people moving from neighboring countries or countries in the same part of the world. Most people move for economic reasons. Almost two-thirds of migrants now reside in developed countries where they fill a labor deficit.^[2]

In 2018, some countries strained under the persistence of permanent migration, struggling to identify solutions when individuals cannot repatriate. In East and Central Africa, decades of continued conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo, South Sudan, and Somalia have pushed governments to come up with solutions for the integration and settlement of refugees who have been living long-term in camps. Perhaps the most heartbreaking story this year involved the forced migration of Rohingya Muslims from Myanmar to Bangladesh, a country ill-equipped to house them. And despite the overwhelming data showing that migrants improve economies, we have seen escalating tensions between developed countries and immigrants looking to settle in Europe and the United States.^[3] Solutions for human migration that are more organized and humane will necessarily involve deeper understandings of the intersectional push and pull factors that compel people to move.

New Ideas

Whether migrants are pushed or pulled, many of our Fellows in 2018 are working to identify ways to enable them to have greater decision making in their lives. One of the common insights we have had in working with Fellows focused on migration, is that creating positive change fundamentally involves ensuring they can find meaningful livelihoods and economic autonomy. In this year’s cohort of Fellows, we see two models of economic integration. Our insights have also shown us that including migrants into the economy has to be accompanied with a recognition of their potential contributions and three of our newest Fellows are developing initiatives that fully value the role of immigrant leadership and community building.

Matchmaking for economic autonomy

  In Germany, one of the major barriers for immigrants to enter the workforce, specifically refugees who have sought asylum in the country, has been companies that have had difficulty bearing the full financial risk of hiring people who 1) may need extra assistance with their legal statuses and 2) who might not speak the language fluently or who are not fully assimilated into German work life and culture. Only 20% of the 1.3 million working age refugees currently living in Germany have found employment.^[4] State efforts to integrate and assimilate migrants exist, but they are generally vocational training and other apprenticeships aimed at young people. Middle-aged and low-skilled refugees are especially left out.

Growing up in Germany, Zarah Bruhn lived a sheltered life until a big influx of refugees landed in the country and she felt compelled to give back. She began by organizing welcoming initiatives but quickly realized the most urgent need was in finding low-barrier entry to employment. Her solution was a temporary employment agency model call Social Bee. She recruits and hires refugees, takes full employer responsibility, and eventually places employees in jobs. She requires that each sub-contract last for a minimum of one year so that employees have a real opportunity to gain legitimate experiences which could then lead to a permanent hire or placement in another work opportunity. Social Bee acts as an interpreter for both refugees and the companies who hire them – helping refugees to understand German work culture and enabling companies to more deeply understand the complex life situation of refugees. Zarah’s initiative bridges cultural and structural divides.

The economic inequality between EU and non-EU citizens in Belgium is also grim, in spite of the fact that 18% of the population is currently comprised of immigrants from outside of Europe.^[5] In some locations predominantly inhabited by non-Europeans, there can be unemployment rates as high as 30%. There are numerous signs of polarization between European and non-Europeans with racism, Islamophobia, and populism on the rise.^[6] In response, co-founders Matthieu Le Grelle and Frédéric Simonart developed DUO for a JOB to create new economic opportunities for immigrants, while simultaneously enabling Belgian retirees to serve as mentors. They create linkages between people with skills, connections, and networks in Belgium and the refugees and immigrants who need help to understand how to market themselves for the Belgium job market. The result is that newcomers have the opportunity to learn from experienced locals who are hungry to offer their talent and resources.  

Harnessing human potential for urban integration

In Portugal, Hugo Menino Aguiar is also working to bridge the cultural gap between diverse groups. He designed SPEAK, a technology platform that enables refugees and immigrants to become Buddies, or informal facilitators and teachers, within a network of people interested in cultural exchange. SPEAK also has Ambassadors, who work to build offline communities in 10 cities in Portugal, Spain, Italy, and Germany. Through linguistic and cultural exchange, Hugo is weaving together people from diverse backgrounds and showcasing that integration does not happen linearly. Over 5,000 people have participated in events created by the SPEAK network, and over 6,000 have participated in language learning. More than 50% of participants are people who have recently migrated to Europe.

  Agazi Afewerki was a refugee when he first traveled to Canada as a child. He grew up in Regent Park, Toronto’s oldest public housing complex where the immigrant population was exposed to high rates of poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, violence, and crime. The negative image of the community was pervasive and in high school, Agazi began to dream of changing the narrative. He grew up in communities of immigrants where he recognized that young people were able to teach adults new skills and that youth were a core resource for community development and transformation. With this idea, Agazi Afewerki grew Youth Empowering Parents (YEP), a program that employs reverse mentorship and enables young people in immigrant communities to assist their elders to integrate more easily, learn English, and gain skills for employment. The youth see greater success in school and increased leadership capacities. Agazi has brought together more than 2,000 participants in four countries to improve intercultural and intergenerational communication.

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